Inserção e atuação do profissional de educação física nos núcleos de apoio à saúde da família em Santos-SP / The insertion and performance of the physical education professional in the family health support centers in Santos-SP / Inserción y desempeño del profesional de educación física en los centros de apoyo a la salud familiar de Santos-SP

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a inserção e a atuação do profissional de Educação Física no NASF em Santos-SP. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, na qual participaram 3 profissionais de Educação Física. A coleta de dados se deu por entrevista semiestruturada, e os dados foram interpretados à luz da análise de conteúdo. Como resultado, compreende-se que a inserção dos profissionais no NASF é inerente ao cargo ocupado. A atuação se dá num cenário limitante em número de profissionais e legitimação, trabalho anterior isolado e uma prática pedagógica instrumental, entretanto, aberta aos ideários críticos. Assim, embora haja um potencial alinhamento da atuação em relação às diretrizes do NASF, conclui-se que ainda existem limites a superar (AU)

The aim was to comprehend the insertion and performance of the Physical Education professional in the Family Health Support Centers (NASF) in the city of Santos-SP. It is a qualitative research in which three Physical Education professionals participated as volunteers. For this, semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data were analyzed through content analysis. As a result, the insertion of these professionals in the NASF is inherent to the position held. The performance is developed in a limiting context in terms of number of professionals and legitimacy, previous separate work, and an instrumental pedagogical practice; however, it opens to critical framework. Although the performance is potentially aligned with the NASF, we concluded there are limits to surpass yet (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la inserción y desempeño del profesional de Educación Física en el NASF en Santos-SP. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, en la que participaron 3 profesionales de la educación física. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y los datos se interpretaron a la luz del análisis de contenido. Como resultado, se entiende que la inserción de profesionales em el NASF es inherente al cargo que ocupan. La actuación se desarrolla en un escenario que limita el número de profesionales y la legitimidad, un trabajo previo aislado y una práctica pedagógica instrumental, sin embargo, abierta a ideas críticas. Así aunque existe una potencial alineación de desempeño en relación con las directrices del NASF, se concluye que aún quedan límites por supera (AU).

Cognitive Behavioral Approach to Treat Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Our aim was to analyze and compare the effects of three different long-term treatments on anthropometric profiles, eating behaviors, anxiety and depression levels, and quality of life of groups of adults with obesity. Methods: The 43 participants in the study were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the education and health group (EH, n = 12), which received lectures on health topics; the physical exercise group (PE, n = 13), which underwent physical training; and the interdisciplinary therapy plus cognitive behavioral therapy (IT + CBT) (n = 18) group, which received physical training, nutritional advice, and physical and psychological therapy. Results: Total quality of life increased significantly in the EH group (△ = 2.00); in the PE group, body weight significantly decreased (△ = -1.42) and the physical domain of quality of life improved (△ = 1.05). However, the most significant changes were seen in the IT + CBT group, in which the anthropometric profile improved; there were an increase in quality of life in all domains (physical, psychological, social, and environmental), an improvement in eating behaviors [Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), total △ = -8.39], and a reduction in depression [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), △ = -10.13). Conclusion: The IT + CBT program was more effective than the PE and EH programs. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02573688.

Inserção e atuação do profissional de educação física nos núcleos de apoio à saúde da família em Santos-SP / The insertion and performance of the physical education professional in the family health support centers in Santos-SP / Inserción y desempeño del profesional de educación física en los centros de apoyo a la salud familiar de Santos-SP

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a inserção e a atua-ção do profissional de Educação Física no NASF em Santos-SP. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, na qual participaram 3 pro-fissionais de Educação Física. A coleta de dados se deu por entrevista semiestruturada, e os dados foram interpretados à luz da análise de conteúdo. Como resultado, compreende-se que a inserção dos profis-sionais no NASF é inerente ao cargo ocupado. A atuação se dá num ce-nário limitante em número de profissionais e legitimação, trabalho an-terior isolado e uma prática pedagógica instrumental, entretanto, aberta aos ideários críticos. Assim, embora haja um potencial alinhamento da atuação em relação às diretrizes do NASF, conclui-se que ainda existem limites a superar.

The aim was to comprehend the insertion and performance of the Physical Education professional in the Family Health Support Centers (NASF) in the city of Santos-SP. It is a qualitative research in which three Physical Education professionals participated as volunteers. For this, semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data were analyzed through content analysis. As a result, the insertion of these professionals in the NASF is inherent to the position held. The performance is developed in a limiting context in terms of number of professionals and legitimacy, previous separate work, and an instrumental pedagogical practice; however, it opens to critical framework. Although the performance is potentially aligned with the NASF, we concluded there are limits to surpass yet.

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la inserción y desempeño del profesional de Educación Física en el NASF en Santos-SP. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, en la que participaron 3 profesionales de la educación física. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y los datos se interpretaron a la luz del análisis de contenido. Como resultado, se entiende que la inserción de profesionales em el NASF es inherente al cargo que ocupan. La actuación se desarrolla en un escenario que limita el número de profesionales y la legitimidad, un trabajo previo aislado y una práctica pedagógica instrumental, sin embargo, abierta a ideas críticas. Así, aunque existe una potencial alineación de desempeño en relación con las directrices del NASF, se concluye que aún quedan límites por superar.

Effects of functional training and 2 interdisciplinary interventions on maximal oxygen uptake and weight loss of women with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.

Our aim was to analyze and compare functional training, interdisciplinary therapy, and interdisciplinary education on cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and anthropometric characteristics of women with obesity. Forty-four women (age = 39.7 ± 5.9 years, body mass index (BMI) = 35.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2) completed 30 weeks of intervention randomly assigned to 3 groups: functional training (FT) (n = 14), interdisciplinary therapy (IT) (n = 19), and interdisciplinary education (IE) (n = 11). The FT group participated in the training program (3/week), the IT group received the same training intervention plus nutrition (1/week) and psychology advice (1/week) and physical therapy (1/week). The IE group participated in interdisciplinary lectures on topics related to health promotion (1/month). CF (ergospirometry), anthropometry, and body composition (electrical bioimpedance) were measured pre-intervention (Pre) and post-intervention (Post). CF increased (p ≤ 0.05) significantly (Pre vs. Post) in the FT (7.5%) and IT (10.8%) groups, but not in the IE group (1.8%). Body mass (BM), BMI, relative fat mass, and waist circumference significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased (Pre vs. Post) in IT (-4.4%, -4.4%, -2.3%, and -5.1%, respectively). The IE group showed a significant decrease in BM (-3.7%), BMI (-3.7%), and waist circumference (-3.5%), whereas the FT group promoted significant decrease in waist circumference (-3.4%). In conclusion, functional training increased CF but only interdisciplinary interventions improved the anthropometric profile of women with obesity. Novelty Interdisciplinary therapy provided more comprehensive adaptations in women with obesity, including morphological variables and CF. Functional training increased CF but reduced only abdominal obesity. Interdisciplinary education provided benefits on morphological variables, but it does not increase CF.

Physical training reverses changes in hepatic mitochondrial diameter of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of physical training on metabolic and morphological parameters of diabetic rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic and trained diabetic. Diabetes mellitus was induced by Alloxan (35mg/kg) administration for sedentary diabetic and Trained Diabetic Groups. The exercise protocol consisted of swimming with a load of 2.5% of body weight for 60 minutes per day (5 days per week) for the trained control and Trained Diabetic Groups, during 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, albumin and total protein. Liver samples were extracted for measurements of glycogen, protein, DNA and mitochondrial diameter determination. RESULTS: The sedentary diabetic animals presented decreased body weight, blood insulin, and hepatic glycogen, as well as increased glycemia and mitochondrial diameter. The physical training protocol in diabetic animals was efficient to recovery body weight and liver glycogen, and to decrease the hepatic mitochondrial diameter. CONCLUSION: Physical training ameliorated hepatic metabolism and promoted important morphologic adaptations as mitochondrial diameter in liver of the diabetic rats.

Impaired insulin signaling and spatial learning in middle-aged rats: The role of PTP1B.

The insulin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling in the hippocampus promotes synaptic plasticity and memory formation. On the other hand, aging is related to the cognitive decline and is the main risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is related to several deleterious processes in neurons and emerges as a promising target for new therapies. In this context, our study aims to investigate the age-related changes in PTP1B content, insulin signaling, ß-amyloid content, and Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus of middle-aged rats. Young (3 months) and middle-aged (17 months) Wistar rats were submitted to Morris-water maze (MWM) test, insulin tolerance test, and molecular analysis in the hippocampus. Aging resulted in increased body weight, and insulin resistance and decreases learning process in MWM. Interestingly, the middle-aged rats have higher levels of PTP-1B, lower phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, GSK3ß, mTOR, and TrkB. Also, the aging process increased Tau phosphorylation and ß-amyloid content in the hippocampus region. In summary, this study provides new evidence that aging-related PTP1B increasing, contributing to insulin resistance and the onset of the AD.

Physical training reverses changes in hepatic mitochondrial diameter of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats / Treinamento físico reverte alterações no diâmetro de mitocôndrias hepáticas de ratos diabéticos induzidos pela Aloxana

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effects of physical training on metabolic and morphological parameters of diabetic rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic and trained diabetic. Diabetes mellitus was induced by Alloxan (35mg/kg) administration for sedentary diabetic and Trained Diabetic Groups. The exercise protocol consisted of swimming with a load of 2.5% of body weight for 60 minutes per day (5 days per week) for the trained control and Trained Diabetic Groups, during 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, albumin and total protein. Liver samples were extracted for measurements of glycogen, protein, DNA and mitochondrial diameter determination. Results The sedentary diabetic animals presented decreased body weight, blood insulin, and hepatic glycogen, as well as increased glycemia and mitochondrial diameter. The physical training protocol in diabetic animals was efficient to recovery body weight and liver glycogen, and to decrease the hepatic mitochondrial diameter. Conclusion Physical training ameliorated hepatic metabolism and promoted important morphologic adaptations as mitochondrial diameter in liver of the diabetic rats.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar os efeitos do treinamento físico nos parâmetros morfológicos e metabólicos de ratos diabéticos. Métodos Ratos Wistar foram randomizados para quatro grupos: controle sedentário, controle treinado, diabético sedentário e diabético treinado. Diabetes mellitus foi induzido por administração de Aloxana (35mg/kg) nos Grupos Diabético Sedentário e diabético treinado. O protocolo de treinamento físico incluiu natação com carga de 2,5% do peso corporal, por 60 minutos por dia (5 dias por semana) para os Grupos Controle Treinado e diabético treinado, durante 6 semanas. Ao final do experimento, os ratos foram sacrificados, e o sangue foi coletado para determinação das concentrações séricas de glicose, insulina, albumina e proteínas totais. Amostras do fígado foram coletadas para determinação do glicogênio, proteínas, DNA e diâmetro mitocondrial. Resultados O Grupo Sedentário Diabético apresentou redução no peso corporal, insulinemia e glicogênio hepático, além de maior glicemia e diâmetro mitocondrial hepático. O protocolo de treinamento físico em animais diabéticos foi eficiente para restaurar o peso corporal e o glicogênio hepático, além de reduzir o diâmetro mitocondrial hepático. Conclusão O treinamento físico melhorou o metabolismo hepático e promoveu importantes adaptações morfológicas, como no diâmetro mitocondrial no fígado de animais diabéticos.

Effects of concurrent training on morphological and functional parameters and blood pressure in hypertensive women / Efeitos do treinamento concorrente sobre parâmetros morfofuncionais e pressão arterial de mulheres hipertensas

Aerobic and resistance exercise have been prescript to prevention and non pharmacological treatment of hypertension. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of concurrent training in hypertensive women. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training program on rest blood pressure, biochemical variables (blood glucose and total cholesterol), anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference) and functional fitness in hypertensive women. Eighteen hypertensive postmenopausal and untrained women (59±12 years old) started in the intervention, but only ten subjects finished. The voluntaries were enrolled in concurrent training, 60 min/day, 3 times a week, during 6 months. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, body mass index, waist circumference and functional fitness (AAPHERD) were measured pre and post experimental period. Data were analyzed using the Student's t test with significance level set at 5% (P≤0.05) and Cohen's Effect Size (ES). The results showed significant improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest. The other variables did not show significantly changes, but the ES was medium and large for several variables (body mass index, blood glucose, total cholesterol, agility, coordination, aerobic fitness, strength endurance and general functional fitness index). In conclusion, this study confirms that 6 month of concurrent training program improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive women. In addition, the protocol suggests an improvement in anthropometric, biochemical and functional variables related to health...(AU)

O treinamento aeróbio e resistido têm sido prescritos para prevenção e tratamento não farmacológico da hipertensão arterial. No entanto, há escassez de trabalhos investigando os efeitos do treinamento concorrente em mulheres hipertensas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento concorrente sobre pressão arterial de repouso, variáveis bioquímicas (glicose sanguínea e colesterol total), antropométricas (índice de massa corporal e perímetro de cintura) e aptidão funcional em mulheres hipertensas. Dezoito mulheres menopausadas, hipertensas e destreinadas iniciaram o programa, mas somente 10 terminaram. As voluntárias foram submetidas a programa de treinamento concorrente, com frequência de 3 vezes por semana (60 minutos/sessão) e duração de 6 meses. Pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica de repouso, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, índice de massa corporal, perímetro de cintura e aptidão funcional (AAPHERD) foram mensurados nos períodos pré e pós intervenção. Após confirmação da normalidade, os dados foram analisados usando o test t para amostras em pares, adotando nível de significância de 5% (P≤0,05), além do cálculo do tamanho do efeito de Cohen (ES). Os resultados permitiram observar melhora significativa na pressão sistólica e diastólica de repouso. As outras variáveis não se alteraram significativamente, mas o ES foi médio a grande em diversas variáveis analisadas (índice de massa corporal, glicemia, colesterol total, agilidade, coordenação, aptidão aeróbia, resistência de força e índice geral de aptidão funcional). Em conclusão, esse estudo confirma que um programa de treinamento concorrente de 6 meses diminui os níveis de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica de repouso em mulheres hipertensas. Além disso, o protocolo sugere melhora em variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e funcionais relacionadas à saúde...(AU)

Terapia Interdisciplinar e a Diminuição da Sobrecarga Cardiovascular em Obesos / Interdisciplinary Therapy and Decrease of Cardiovascular Overload in Obese Patients

Fundamentos: Associação entre obesidade, terapia interdisciplinar e exercício físico intenso foi descrita para obesos. Contudo o estudo das atividades físicas representando as tarefas do dia a dia e o risco cardiovascular nas atividades do cotidiano torna-se necessário para verificar a ocorrência dessa associação. Objetivo: Investigar se um período de 18 semanas de terapia interdisciplinar é capaz de promover benefícios nos parâmetros cardiovasculares no repouso e durante o exercício físico em adultos obesos. Métodos: Amostra de 32 indivíduos de ambos os sexos com índice de massa corporal de 30 a 39,9 kg/m2 e idade entre 30 e 50 anos. Intervenção com terapia interdisciplinar (educação física, psicologia, nutrição e fisioterapia), duração de 18 semanas e mensuração de dados antropométricos de massa corporal, estatura, circunferências de cintura e quadril, avaliação de esforço máximo em ergômetro antes e após o período de terapia. Resultados: A terapia interdisciplinar diminuiu pressão arterial sistólica (PAS): 125,83±9,86 (basal) vs 120,28±16,82(final), frequência cardíaca (FC): 74,75 ± 11,02 (basal) vs 72,77 ± 10,72 (final), e duplo-produto (DP) em repouso. Reduziu também durante o esforço submáximo PAS estágios 1: 143,44 ± 9,28 (basal) vs 131,56 ± 15,26; estágio 2: 152,23 ± 21,91 (basal) vs 141,56 ± 17,43 (final), PAD estágio 2: 89,89 ± 9,58 (basal) vs 83,13 ± 9,65 (final), FC estágio 1: 118,40 ± 12,90 (basal) vs 110,87 ± 7,66 (final); estágio 2: 137,09 ± 16,54 (basal) vs 130,37 ± 11,51 (final) e o DP referentes aos estágios iniciais. Conclusão: A terapia interdisciplinar reduziu a sobrecarga do sistema cardiovascular em repouso e no esforço submáximo em adultos obesos otimizando o repouso e atividades do cotidiano

Background: Association between obesity, interdisciplinary therapy and intense physical exercise was described for obese patients. However, the study of physical activities representing daily tasks and cardiovascular risk in everyday activities becomes necessary to verify the occurrence of this association. Objective: To investigate whether a period of 18 weeks of interdisciplinary therapy is capable of promoting benefits in cardiovascular parameters at rest and during exercise in obese adults. Methods: Sample of 32 individuals of both sexes with body mass index of 30 to 39.9 kg/m2 and age between 30 and 50 years. Intervention with interdisciplinary therapy (physical education, psychology, nutrition and physiotherapy), duration of 18 weeks and measurement of anthropometric data of body mass, height, waist and hip circumferences, maximum exercise ergometer evaluation before and after the therapy period. Results: Interdisciplinary therapy decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP): 125.83 ± 9.86 (baseline) vs 120.28 ± 16.82 (final), heart rate (HR): 74.75 ± 11.02 (baseline) ) Vs 72.77 ± 10.72 (final), and double-product (DP) at rest. Reduced also during the submaximal PAS stress stages 1:143.44 ± 9.28 (baseline) vs 131.56 ± 15.26; Stage 2: 152.23 ± 21.91 (baseline) vs. 141.56 ± 17.43 (final), PAD stage 2: 89.89 ± 9.58 (baseline) vs 83.13 ± 9.65 (final) , FC stage 1: 118.40 ± 12.90 (baseline) vs 110.87 ± 7.66 (final); Stage 2: 137.09 ± 16.54 (baseline) vs 130.37 ± 11.51 (final) and the PD referring to the initial stages. Conclusion: Interdisciplinary therapy reduced the overload of the cardiovascular system at rest and submaximal effort in obese adults, optimizing rest and daily activities

Cerebellar Insulin/IGF-1 signaling in diabetic rats: Effects of exercise training.

The Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with loss of brain regions such as the cerebellum, increasing the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In the brain of diabetic and PD organisms the insulin/IGF-1 signaling is altered. Exercise training is an effective intervention for the prevention of neurodegerative diseases since it release neurotrophic factors and regulating insulin/IGF-1 signaling in the brain. This study aimed to evaluate the proteins involved in the insulin/IGF-1 pathway in the cerebellum of diabetic rats subjected to exercise training protocol. Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD) and trained diabetic (TD). Diabetes was induced by Alloxan (ALX) (32mg/kgb.w.). The training program consisted in swimming 5days/week, 1h/day, during 6 weeks, supporting an overload corresponding to 90% of the anaerobic threshold. At the end, cerebellum was extracted to determinate the protein expression of GSK-3ß, IRß and IGF-1R and the phosphorylation of ß-amyloid, Tau, ERK1+ERK2 by Western Blot analysis. All dependent variables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with significance level of 5%. Diabetes causes hyperglycemia in both diabetic groups; however, in TD, there was a reduction in hyperglycemia compared to SD. Diabetes increased Tau and ß-amyloid phosphorylation in both SD and TD groups. Furthermore, aerobic exercise increased ERK1+ERK2 expression in TC. The data showed that in cerebellum of diabetic rats induced by alloxan there are some proteins expression like Parkinson cerebellum increased, and the exercise training was not able to modulate the expression of these proteins.

Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroprotection mediated by physical exercise in Alzheimer´s disease

Abstract Epidemiological studies indicate continuous increases in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the next few decades. The key feature of this disease is hippocampal neurodegeneration. This structure has an important role in learning and memory. Intense research efforts have sought to elucidate neuroprotective mechanisms responsible for hippocampal integrity. Insulin signaling seems to be a very promising pathway for the prevention and treatment of AD. This hormone has been described as a powerful activator of neuronal survival. Recent research showed that reduced insulin sensitivity leads to low-grade inflammation, and both phenomena are closely related to AD genesis. Concomitantly, exercise has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and to promote improvement in insulin signaling in the hippocampus, which supports neuronal survival and constitutes an interesting non-pharmacological alternative for the prevention and treatment of AD. This review examines recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in hippocampal neuroprotection mediated by exercise.(AU)

Regulation of hepatic TRB3/Akt interaction induced by physical exercise and its effect on the hepatic glucose production in an insulin resistance state.

To maintain euglycemia in healthy organisms, hepatic glucose production is increased during fasting and decreased during the postprandial period. This whole process is supported by insulin levels. These responses are associated with the insulin signaling pathway and the reduction in the activity of key gluconeogenic enzymes, resulting in a decrease of hepatic glucose production. On the other hand, defects in the liver insulin signaling pathway might promote inadequate suppression of gluconeogenesis, leading to hyperglycemia during fasting and after meals. The hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, the transcription cofactor PGC1-α, and the transcription factor Foxo1 have fundamental roles in regulating gluconeogenesis. The loss of insulin action is associated with the production of pro-inflammatory biomolecules in obesity conditions. Among the molecular mechanisms involved, we emphasize in this review the participation of TRB3 protein (a mammalian homolog of Drosophila tribbles), which is able to inhibit Akt activity and, thereby, maintain Foxo1 activity in the nucleus of hepatocytes, inducing hyperglycemia. In contrast, physical exercise has been shown as an important tool to reduce insulin resistance in the liver by reducing the inflammatory process, including the inhibition of TRB3 and, therefore, suppressing gluconeogenesis. The understanding of these new mechanisms by which physical exercise regulates glucose homeostasis has critical importance for the understanding and prevention of diabetes.

The influence of subjective intensity control on perceived fatigue and capillary lactate in two types of resistance training / A influência do controle subjetivo de intensidade sobre fadiga percebida e lactato capilar em duas formas de treinamento resistido

Abstract Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a method used to control intensity in resistance training (RT). However, few studies have compared acute physiological and perceptual responses between different types of RT. The objective of this study was to compare the acute responses of lactate and perceived fatigue (PF) between manual resistance training (MRT) and free weight RT (FWRT) with intensity control by RPE, and to evaluate the correlation between lactate and PF in both interventions. Fourteen previously untrained men (40.29 ± 8.63 years, BMI = 26.53 ± 5.24 kg/m2) underwent single sessions of MRT and FWRT with intensity control by RPE (5-7 OMNI-RES). Lactate and PF were analyzed pre and post-test. Repeated measures ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni test were used for data analysis, adopting a significance level of 5% (P ≤ 0.05). The effect size was calculated to determine the magnitude of the response and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between lactate and PF. Both interventions increased post-test lactate compared to pre-test levels. However, the increase was greater for MRT. Post-test PF was increased when compared to pre-test levels in both protocols, with no difference between interventions. However, a greater effect size was observed for MRT. The correlation between PF and lactate was moderate in three of the four assessments. In conclusion, the same intensity zone in RPE may elicit different physiological responses in the two types of RT. Thus, the use of RPE for intensity control under these conditions should be viewed with caution.

Resumo A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) é um método utilizado para controlar a intensidade no treinamento resistido (TR). Porém há escassez de estudos que comparam respostas fisiológicas e perceptivas agudas entre formas distintas de TR. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar as respostas agudas de lactato (LAC) e fadiga percebida (FAD) entre treinamento resistido manual (TRM) e TR com pesos livres (TRPL) com intensidades controladas por PSE, bem como observar a correlação entre LAC e FAD nas duas intervenções. Participaram 14 homens (40,29±8,63 anos, IMC = 26,53±5,24 Kg/m2) previamente não treinados que foram submetidos a sessões únicas de TRM e TRPL, com intensidade controlada por PSE (entre 5 e 7). LAC e FAD foram analisados nos momentos pré-teste e pós-teste. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se análise de variância com medidas repetidas e post-hoc de Bonferroni. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5% (P ≤ 0,05). O tamanho do efeito (ES) foi calculado para analisar a magnitude das respostas e o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson para verificar associação entre LAC e FAD. Ambas as intervenções aumentaram LAC no período pós-teste em relação ao pré-teste, porém o aumento foi maior no TRM. A FAD aumentou no período pós-teste em relação ao pré-teste, em ambos os protocolos, sem diferença entre eles. No entanto, o ES foi maior para o TRM. A correlação entre FAD e LAC foi moderada em três das quatro avaliações. Foi possível concluir que na mesma zona de intensidade na PSE pode representar respostas fisiológicas diferentes entre duas formas distintas de TR, portanto, a utilização da PSE para controle de intensidade, nessas condições, deve ser vista com cautela.

Efeitos do treinamento concorrente sobre aspectos bioquímicos, antropométricos, funcionais e hemodinâmicos de mulheres diabéticas do tipo 2 / Effects of concurrent training on biochemical, anthropometric, hemodynamic and functional parameters of type 2 diabetic women

Objetivo: O estudo teve o objetivo de investigar os efeitos do treinamento físico concorrente sobre parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos, funcionais e hemodinâmicos em mulheres diabéticas. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 16 mulheres diabéticas tipo 2, com média de idade de 62,8±9,5 anos. Os exercícios físicos foram realizados três vezes por semana, com duração de 60 minutos por sessão. As sessões de treinamento foram compostas por exercícios aeróbios seguidos de exercícios resistidos. A coleta de dados foi baseada nos parâmetros funcionais (testes de aptidão funcional), bioquímicos (glicemia, colesterol e triglicérides), antropométricos (estatura, massa corporal, índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal) e hemodinâmicos (pressão arterial). Resultados: Os dados demonstraram que houve melhora significativa na resistência de força, coordenação, no índice de aptidão física geral, glicemia de jejum e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica de repouso. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: O treinamento concorrente foi eficiente em promover alterações importantes em parâmetros relacionados à saúde de mulheres diabéticas tipo 2.

Undulatory physical resistance training program increases maximal strength in elderly type 2 diabetics / Programa de treinamento físico resistido ondulatório aumenta a força máxima de idosos diabéticos tipo 2

Objective To investigate the effects of a specific protocol of undulatory physical resistance training on maximal strength gains in elderly type 2 diabetics. Methods The study included 48 subjects, aged between 60 and 85 years, of both genders. They were divided into two groups: Untrained Diabetic Elderly (n=19) with those who were not subjected to physical training and Trained Diabetic Elderly (n=29), with those who were subjected to undulatory physical resistance training. The participants were evaluated with several types of resistance training’s equipment before and after training protocol, by test of one maximal repetition. The subjects were trained on undulatory resistance three times per week for a period of 16 weeks. The overload used in undulatory resistance training was equivalent to 50% of one maximal repetition and 70% of one maximal repetition, alternating weekly. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between pre-test and post-test over a period of 16 weeks. Results The average gains in strength were 43.20% (knee extension), 65.00% (knee flexion), 27.80% (supine sitting machine), 31.00% (rowing sitting), 43.90% (biceps pulley), and 21.10% (triceps pulley). Conclusion Undulatory resistance training used with weekly different overloads was effective to provide significant gains in maximum strength in elderly type 2 diabetic individuals. .

Objetivo Verificar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento físico resistido ondulatório nos ganhos de força máxima em idosos diabéticos do tipo 2. Métodos Participaram do estudo 48 indivíduos, com idade entre 60 e 85 anos, de ambos os gêneros. Eles foram divididos em dois grupos: Idosos Diabéticos Não Treinados (n=19), com aqueles não submetidos ao treinamento físico, e Idosos Diabéticos Treinados (n=29), que foram submetidos ao protocolo de treinamento físico resistido ondulatório. Os idosos foram avaliados em diversos equipamentos de musculação, antes e após o treinamento resistido ondulatório, por meio do teste de uma repetição máxima. Os participantes realizaram o treinamento resistido ondulatório três vezes por semanas, durante um período de 16 semanas. A sobrecarga do programa foi alternada, sendo em 1 semana equivalente a 50% de uma repetição máxima e, na outra semana, a 70% de uma repetição máxima. A análise estatística revelou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os resultados dos testes pré e pós-período de treinamento resistido ondulatório em um período de 16 semanas. Resultados Os ganhos médios de força foram de 43,20% (extensão de joelho), 65,00% (flexão de joelho), 27,80% (supino sentado máquina), 31,00% (remada sentado), 43,90% (bíceps pulley) e 21,10% (tríceps pulley). Conclusão O protocolo de treinamento resistido ondulatório utilizado com sobrecargas semanais diferentes foi eficiente em proporcionar significativos ganhos de força máxima em idosos diabéticos do tipo 2. .

Spatial memory in sedentary and trained diabetic rats: molecular mechanisms.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that has been associated with memory loss, neurological disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. Some studies show the importance of physical exercise to prevent and minimize various neurological disorders. It is believed that the positive effects of exercise on brain functions are mediated by brain insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling. In this study, we investigate the role of swimming exercise training on hippocampus proteins related to insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway in Type 1 diabetic rats and its effects on spatial memory. Wistar rats were divided into four groups namely sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic (SD), and trained diabetic (TD). Diabetes was induced by Alloxan (ALX) (32 mg/kg b.w.). The training program consisted in swimming 5 days/week, 1 h/day, per 6 weeks, supporting an overload corresponding to 90% of the anaerobic threshold. We employed ALX-induced diabetic rats to explore learning and memory abilities using Morris water maze test. At the end of the training period, the rats were sacrificed 48 h after their last exercise bout when blood samples were collected for serum glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 determinations. Hippocampus was extracted to determinate protein expression (IR, IGF-1R, and APP) and phosphorylation (AKT-1, AKT-2, Tau, and ß-amyloide proteins) by Western Blot analysis. All dependent variables were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with significance level of 5%. Diabetes resulted in hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in both SD and TD groups (P < 0.05); however, in the training-induced group, there was a reduction in blood glucose in TD. The average frequency in finding the platform decreased in SD rats; however, exercise training improved this parameter in TD rats. Aerobic exercise decreased Tau phosphorylation and APP expression, and increased some proteins related to insulin/IGF-1 pathway in hippocampus of diabetic rats. Thus, these molecular adaptations from exercise training might contribute to improved spatial learning and memory in diabetic organisms.

Undulatory physical resistance training program increases maximal strength in elderly type 2 diabetics.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a specific protocol of undulatory physical resistance training on maximal strength gains in elderly type 2 diabetics. METHODS: The study included 48 subjects, aged between 60 and 85 years, of both genders. They were divided into two groups: Untrained Diabetic Elderly (n=19) with those who were not subjected to physical training and Trained Diabetic Elderly (n=29), with those who were subjected to undulatory physical resistance training. The participants were evaluated with several types of resistance training's equipment before and after training protocol, by test of one maximal repetition. The subjects were trained on undulatory resistance three times per week for a period of 16 weeks. The overload used in undulatory resistance training was equivalent to 50% of one maximal repetition and 70% of one maximal repetition, alternating weekly. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between pre-test and post-test over a period of 16 weeks. RESULTS: The average gains in strength were 43.20% (knee extension), 65.00% (knee flexion), 27.80% (supine sitting machine), 31.00% (rowing sitting), 43.90% (biceps pulley), and 21.10% (triceps pulley). CONCLUSION: Undulatory resistance training used with weekly different overloads was effective to provide significant gains in maximum strength in elderly type 2 diabetic individuals.

Formação profissional em Educação Física e saúde na Universidade Federal de São Paulo / Professional formation in Physical Education and health at Universidade Federal de São Paulo

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar o curso de Bacharelado em Educação Física - Modalidade Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Baixada Santista. O referido curso iniciou suas atividades em 2006, almejando a formação de um profissional que esteja habilitado às demandas do universo do sistema de saúde. Em sua estrutura curricular, o curso apresenta 4 eixos: O ser humano em sua dimensão biológica; O ser humano e sua inserção social; Trabalho em Saúde, e; Aproximação à prática específica de Educação Física. Após formatura de quatro turmas o curso passa por avaliação de seu Projeto Pedagógico, entendendo a necessidade de adequações que permitam fortalecer a formação em Educação Física e saúde na instituição. Contudo, os resultados iniciais suportam a continuidade do projeto pedagógico, o qual se compreende adequado para a formação de um profissional disposto ao diálogo interdisciplinar e ao trabalho interprofissional no sistema de saúde.

The propose of this paper is to present the course of Bachelor of Physical Education - Health Modality of Federal University of São Paulo - Campus Baixada Santista. This course began activities in 2006, aiming the formation of a professional who is qualified to the demands of the health care´s universe. The curriculum of the course has 4 axes: The Human in its Biological Dimension; Human Being and their Social Integration; Health Work, and; Approach to the Specific Practice of Physical Education. After graduation of four classes, the course undergoes to a curricular reevaluation, understanding the need for adjustments for strengthening the formation in Physical Education and Health at the institution. However, the initial results support the continuity of the education program, which it shows suitable to the formation of a professional willing to the interdisciplinary dialogue and to the interprofessional work in the health system.

Morphological analysis of colon goblet cells and submucosa in type I diabetic rats submitted to physical training.

Colon layers, especially the submucosa, as well as the secretion of goblet cells are extremely important for the functioning and transit of substances in this organ. However, the damages arising from type I diabetes and the effects of physical training, which plays crucial role in the treatment of this disease, are not yet known in these regions. To analyze the changes in colon submucosa and goblet cells of diabetic rats, as well as the effects of physical training, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic (SD), and trained diabetic (TD). The training protocol consisted of swimming for 60 min a day, 5 days per week, during 8 weeks. Colon samples were collected, processed, and evaluated by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Goblet and submucosa cells did not show alterations in shape, size, protein and carbohydrate content, in all treatment groups. Decreased amount of collagen fibers, however, was observed in the submucosa and lamina propria of SD rats, but this alteration was recovered in TDs. The ultrastructural analysis, in turn, revealed greater quantity of Golgi apparatus cisterns in SDs, distinctly than TDs, which showed improvement in this diabetic condition. Thus, physical training was responsible for the recovery of some important diabetic alterations, possibly improving the motility of substances in the large intestine. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered alone in the treatment of this disease, requiring the combined practice of other methods.

Efeitos em curto prazo da aplicação de aloxana para indução de diabetes em ratos Wistar / Effects in short-term of alloxan application to diabetes induction in Wistar rats

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ação da aloxana em parâmetros metabólicos e do sistema imune 24 e 192 horas após sua aplicação em ratos Wistar. Para isso, oito ratos foram mantidos em jejum de 12 horas e receberam aloxana monoidratada, Sigma (32 mg/kg de peso corporal) via endovenosa. Foram registrados os valores de massa corporal, ingestão hídrica e alimentar e realizada a contagem de leucócitos totais previamente, 24 e 192 horas após a aplicação da aloxana. As análises de glicemia e trigliceridemia foram realizadas previamente e 192 horas após a aplicação da aloxana. Após 24 horas, a aplicação da aloxana causou aumento da ingestão hídrica e redução da massa corporal, ingestão alimentar e contagem de leucócitos. Na avaliação realizada 192 horas após a aplicação da aloxana houve recuperação da ingestão alimentar e contagem de leucócitos. Por outro lado, neste período houve aumento da glicemia e ingestão hídrica além de redução da massa corporal. Isso indica que parte dos sinais de diabetes causados pela aloxanamanifesta-se em curto prazo da administração da droga.

The present study aimed to verify action of alloxan in metabolic and immune parameters after 24 and 192 hours of the injection in Wistar rats. Thus, eight rats were fasted and received monohidrated alloxan Sigma (32 mg/kg body weight) via endovenous. Glycemia and trglyceridemia analyzes were performed before and 192 hours after alloxan application. After 24 hours, alloxan application increased water intake and decreased body mass, food intake and leucocytes counting. 192 hours after alloxan application, there was a recuperation in food intake and leucocytes counting. On the other hand, in this period there was an increase of glycemia and water intake and reduction of body mass. These results indicate that some of diabetic signs caused by alloxan occur in short-term after drug administration.